Endocrine, Nutritional, & Metabolic Disorders include diseases
that affect endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary,
adrenals, thymus, islets of pancreas, ovaries and testicles),
nutritional deficiencies such as malnutrition and vitamin
deficiencies, and metabolism disorders such related lipid
metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, plasma
protein metabolism and other metabolic disorders.
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Endocrine glands release specific hormones in the blood stream which
help in coordinating and controlling several physiological processes
in the body. An imbalance (increase, decrease or absence) in the
release of these hormones results in an endocrine disorder or
diseases such as diabetes, obesity, thyroid disorders, osteoporosis
and hormone malfunction. The diseases related to endocrine disorders
can be categorized as diseases of thyroid gland and diseases other
endocrine glands. Thyroid gland disorders include goiter (simple
goiter, non-toxic nodular goiter, toxic nodular goiter and
thyrotoxicosis), cretinism, myxedema, and thyroiditis. Other
endocrine gland disorder includes, diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemic
coma, disorders of pituitary gland (acromegaly, gigantism and
diabetes insipidus), disorders of thymus gland (persistent
hyperplasia of thymus gland and abscess of thymus), and disorders of
adrenal glands (Conn’s syndrome, Addison’s disease,
phaecochromocytoma. Ovarian dysfunction is also due to endocrine
disorders and includes, hyperestrogenism, polycystic ovaries, and
Stein-Leventhal syndrome while the testicular dysfunction include
Goldberg-Maxwell syndrome and testicular feminization. Treatment
approached for the endocrine disorders are highly specific to the
disease or disorder.
For instance, surgical removal of enlarged gland in case of
hyperparathyroidism (HPT), hormonal replacement treatment for
hypothyroidism (thyroxine), hypoadrenalism (hydrocortisone and
fludrocortisone), hypopituitarism (vasopressin analogues such as
desmopressin), hypoparathyroidism (treatment with calcium and either
vitamin D or dihydrotachysterol).
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Nutritional disorders cause illness in humans and include
deficiencies or excesses in the diet, eating disorders, obesity and
other several chronic diseases related to cardiovascular system.
These disorders also include preventable abnormalities and metabolic
disorders. The nutritional deficiency disorders include disorders due
to: vitamin A deficiency (night blindness, xerophthalmia, and
keratomalacia), thiamine deficiency (endemic neuritis and beriberi),
vitamin B deficiency (ariboflavinosis and pellagra), ascorbic acid
deficiency (Barlow’s disease, infantile scurvy), vitamin D
deficiency (rickets and osteomalacia) and vitamin E deficiency
disorders.
Other nutritional disorders include disorders due to deficiency of
vitamin K and other unspecified vitamin deficiency. Nutritional
disorders are treated on case basis depending on the type of disorder
but treatments options often include use of drugs such as antibiotics
and steroids, and surgical interventions if required.
Metabolism is a process through which process body breakdown food
parts into sugars and acids. During metabolic disorder, this process
is disrupted and leads to excess of scarcity of essential substances
which help individual to stay healthy. These disorders are either
inherited or are acquired during the lifetime of a person.
Phenylketonuria is an example of inherited metabolic disorder in
which the body is unable to breakdown amino acid phenylalanine. Other
prominent metabolic disorders include type 1 diabetes, Gaucher’s
disease, maple syrup urine disease, cystinosis, Fabry disease,
Hartnup disease, Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, von Gierke disease
and hereditary hemochromatosis. Metabolic disorders are treated by
normalizing the metabolic balance by reversing the cause of disorder
and administering medication for continuing the proper metabolic
function.
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Multimodal treatment is generally adopted for treating metabolic
disorders which might include mineral supplementation, vitamin
supplementation, bone marrow supplementation, physical therapy,
specific surgical interventions and medications for reducing the
symptoms of metabolic disorders.
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