Altitude sickness is also known as acute mountain sickness and is
caused due to low levels of oxygen at very high altitudes owing to
acute exposure to low partial oxygen pressure. Such a kind of
sickness is known to occur above 2,500 meters. Specific factors such
as sex, age, or physical fitness, are not responsible for increasing
a person's probability to encounter altitude sickness. Certain people
are affected while others are less susceptible to it. About 20% of
people who ascend above 2,500 meters in a day are known to experience
altitude sickness, where children are more susceptible and increasing
risk for people under the age of 60 years.
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Progression of the condition may lead to potentially fatal situation
such as high altitude cerebral (HACE) or pulmonary edema (HAPE).
Shortness of breath, associated headache and dehydration are the
primary symptoms suggesting altitude sickness. Other symptoms include
loss of appetite, weakness and trouble sleeping. This condition can
be mistaken with flu, dehydration or hangover. Risk factors for
altitude sickness comprise obesity, chronic diseases, abuse of
narcotics, heavy alcohol consumption and exertion. Disorientation,
loss of memory, hallucinations, psychotic disorders, coma and loss of
co-ordinations are some of the symptoms related to high altitude
cerebral edema. Signs of high altitude pulmonary edema include a
bubbling sound and feeling of tightness in the chest, impending
suffocation at night, confusion and irrational behavior. At high
altitudes, some people may even suffer from acute farsightedness.
The global altitude sickness market can be segmented based on
diagnostic tests, therapy type, pipeline assessment and geography.
Tests conducted for diagnosis and confirmation of altitude sickness
include blood tests, chest X-ray, brain CT scan and electrocardiogram
(ECG). Magnetic resonance imaging may be performed to confirm
swelling in the brain. Ophthalmoscopes help to identify bleeding in
the eyes and ultimately high altitude retinal hemorrhage. Pulse
oximetry test helps determine the amount of oxygen in the blood.
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Proper acclimatization to altitudes above 2,500 meters is the best
way to avoid altitude sickness. Usually the body is said to
acclimatize to the change in altitude within two to three days.
Moreover ascending slowly helps body in acclimatization. Hydration
and avoiding of alcohol intake are also an important factor in
acclimatization. Primary treatment includes administration of extra
oxygen. Severe mountain sickness calls for hospitalization. In
certain cases, acetazolamide is recommended to help reduce mild
symptoms. It acts by increasing the amount of bicarbonate excreted in
the urine which renders blood more acidic, ultimately driving
ventilation.
Treatment for high altitude pulmonary edema may include oxygen
intake, nifedipine, beta agonists, breathing machines and medicines
such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors to increase blood flow to the
lungs. Frusemide, tadalafil and ibuprofen are also used to treat
altitude sickness. Dexamethasone is recommended to minimize cerebral
edema. However in case of discontinuation before acclimatization, the
drug is known to cause rebound. In addition, portable hyperbaric
chambers also help in altitude sickness by improving oxygen uptake of
the sufferer.
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Geographically, the altitude sickness market can be categorized into
four major regions namely North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and
Rest of the World. Some of the key players contributing to the global
altitude sickness drugs market are Pfizer, Inc., Bayer AG, Mylan,
Inc., Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Bristol Laboratories. Manufacturers
for portable oxygen chambers, ventilators include Inogen, Smiths
Medical, Philips Healthcare, O2Concepts Oxlife, Vygon, Nidek Medical,
OSI Systems, Inova Labs, and Teijin.
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