Brucellosis is an extremely transmissible zoonotic infection.
Bacterial genus Brucella is responsible for the infection. Brucella
are transferred from animals to humans through consumption of
infected foodstuff, undercooked meat, or unpasteurized milk from
diseased animals; direct contact with an infected animal or their
discharges; or inhalation of aerosols. According to the WHO, zoonotic
diseases and infections are naturally transferred between vertebrate
animals and humans. A zoonotic agent may be a fungus, virus,
bacterium, or any other infectious disease agent. Brucellosis is an
old disease that has been known by several names such as undulant
fever, gastric remittent fever, Malta fever, and Mediterranean fever.
Humans are unintended hosts, but brucellosis continues to be a highly
significant community health concern at the global level and the most
common zoonotic infection as well.
Brucella bacteria are minor aerobic intracellular coccobacilli, which
are localized in reproductive organs of the host animal, causing
infertility and abortions. They are sheltered in large numbers in the
animal’s placental fluid, milk, urine, and other fluids. To date,
eight species of Brucella bacteria have been identified, termed
primarily after the source animal or symptoms of infection. Out of
these, four species possess medium to serious human pathogenicity.
These are Brucella canis (transferred from dogs; moderate
pathogenicity), Brucella abortus (transferred from cattle; moderate
pathogenicity), Brucella suis (transferred from pigs; high
pathogenicity), and Brucella melitensis (transferred from sheep;
maximum pathogenicity).
Even though brucellosis infection occurs in pets, it is also observed
in wild animals that are found in herds (for example, wild boar in
Germany and elk or bison in North America). Humans have only a
partial threat of infection from wild animals, mostly due to lack of
contact and rare use of meat and milk of these wild animals. There
have been concerns about the spread of infection to farming livestock
due to contact of wild animals with pets; however, the supporting
proof in this regard is limited. The worldwide burden of human
brucellosis remains very high. More than 500,000 infections are
caused by animals across the world every year. The yearly figure of
reported cases in the U.S. (currently, around 100) has dropped
considerably, owing to milk pasteurization and aggressive animal
vaccination campaigns. Most of the cases in the U.S. are caused by
the intake of unpasteurized dairy foods imported from Mexico. Nearly
60% of human brucellosis cases in the country are currently found in
California and Texas.
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Brucella abortus vaccines play an essential role in bovine
brucellosis eradication or control programs. They have been
effectively used worldwide for several years. RB51 and Strain 19 are
accepted B. abortus vaccines strains, most frequently used to protect
cattle from abortion and infection. B. abortus vaccines such as
Strain 19 are live attenuated vaccines. Strain 19 was the first
vaccine to be used widely for bovine brucellosis treatment or
control. Strain 19 vaccine has been used in the U.S. since 1941 and
it is still in use in various countries worldwide. B. abortus strain
RB51, a Rifampicin-resistant strain, lacks of appearance of LPS
(lipopolysaccharide) O-side chains (OPS).
In 1982, Prof. Gerhardt
Schurig et al. developed the RB51 vaccine strain by isolating it from
infectious smooth B. abortus biovar 1 strain 2308. There are several
factors boosting the market for brucellosis vaccines including
technological innovations, increasing awareness about animal health,
and rising funding by government organizations and associations.
Also, the increased demand for fish, eggs, milk, and animal protein
and risen expenditure on health care of companion animals are driving
the brucellosis vaccines market.
The global brucellosis vaccines market can be segmented based on type
of product, application, end-user, and geography. Based on type of
product, the brucellosis vaccines market has been classified as DNA
vaccines, subunit vaccines, vector vaccines, B. Abortus recombinant
mutants, and others. Based on application, the market has been
categorized into cattle, sheep, pigs, and others. Based on end-user,
the market has been classified into veterinary hospitals, veterinary
clinics, and animal care centers. Based on geography, the global
brucellosis vaccines market has been divided into North America,
Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of World.
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Major players operating in the global brucellosis vaccines market are
Merck Animal Health, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Ceva, Bayer AG,
Biogenesis-Bago, Heska Corporation, Indian Immunologicals Ltd.,
Lohmann Animal Health, and Merial Ltd.
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